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1. A confounding variable gets described as an extraneous variable (usually unmonitored) that changes in a systematic manner along with the two variables being studied (Gravetter & Forzano Denzel Ward Youth Jersey , 2015). The confounding variable gets associated with the predictor variable and a cause of the outcome variable. It offers an alternative explanation for the observed relationship existing between the two variables and hence is a threat to internal validity.
An example of a confounding bias in a research whether the lack of regular exercises leads to weight gain would be hereditary factors as it can affect the dependent variable. In this research, inadequate exercise is the independent variable whereas weight gain is a dependent variable.
Another example of a confounding variable in research to determine whether heavy alcohol drinking leads to death at an early age is smoking. Tobacco use in the research may result in null outcomes.
2. Advantage of posttest only design:
鈥?The baseline information is collected in a posttest-only experiment, and hence comparisons before and after the intervention can get done.
The disadvantage of posttest only design:
鈥?There is no opportunity to measure a particular outcome before the intervention since it has yet to take place
The advantage of pretest-posttest design:
鈥?The baseline information is known before the intervention starts.
鈥?They are less disruptive to services than designs that demand a control group
The disadvantage of pretest-posttest designs:
鈥?Repeated testing sometimes introduces the challenge of differential carryover effects
3. The sensitivity of a dependent variable refers to being able to detect a change in the dependent variable about its dependence on an independent variable. A sensitivity equation gets described as the first derivative of the dependent variable about a parameter of the chosen nonlinear model. According to Cozby (2012) Baker Mayfield Youth Jersey , it refers to the ability to detect differences between groups.
4. An independent groups design comprises of a different group of participants in all of the four conditions, whereas on the other hand, a repeated measures design has the same group of participants getting repeatedly assessed in all of the conditions.
5. Expectancy effects may take place whenever the experimenter knows the particular condition in which the participants belong. In research Jarvis Landry Youth Jersey , experimenters may favorite particular participants and treat them in a different manner thus eventually result in a negative or a positive outcome depending on the way they treat them. The outcome does not occur due to intentional actions of the experimenter. The other source of bias takes place when the experimenter records the participant behaviors, and there are subtle differences in the manner in which the experimenter interprets and records the behaviors.
Participants鈥?expectations affect the outcomes of research when they are aware of the hypothesis and the outcome that is expected. Therefore, they respond to the survey or questions basing on how they think the experimenter wants them to respond Odell Beckham Jr Youth Jersey , hence leading to bias.
6. A factorial design is one that enables the experimenter to manipulate two or more variables simultaneously so as to study the independent effect of each variable on the dependent variable and also as the effects caused by interactions among the several variables. Social researchers usually use factorial designs so as to evaluate the effects of education methods. They do so while considering the influence of socioeconomic factors as well as the background of the participants.
The most common advantage of the factorial design is that it allows the researchers to test the existence of interaction (Maxwell & Delaney, 2004).
7. A dependent variable refers to a variable in a functional relation whose value gets determined by the values taken by other variables in the relation. The following are different types of dependent variables. One is the number of errors that occur in measuring the speed in performing a specific task. Two in a psychology research aiming to determine how studying affects test scores, the test scores would be the dependent variable. Three Jim Brown Youth Jersey , in research, to determine the burning of a candle, dependent variables would be the height of the candle as measured at regular time intervals. Four Bernie Kosar Youth Jersey , in an experiment, to determine the effect of alcohol drinking to reaction times while driving; the dependent variable is their performance on a driving test.
8. The independent variable refers to the factor that the experimenter controls. Staged manipulations where the researcher creates an environment suitable for the study. In research to determine how studying affects test scores, the researcher can manipulate the studying that is the independent variable by controlling the studying of the participants. Straightforward manipulations take place when the researcher gives the participant a written Austin Seibert Womens Jersey , verbal or visual material to alter the study.
9. A main effect describes the effect of a single independent variable on a dependent variable while ignoring all other independent variables. Interaction takes place when the effect of one independent variable on the dependent variable changes depending on the level of another independent variable.
10. A moderator variable can influence the relationship between two other variables such as using misleading questions, particular situations or the characteristic of the moderator. For instance, a moderator can expect certain ethnic groups to belong to a low-income class Sheldrick Redwine Womens Jersey , thus may ask questions concerning income in a different tone compared to other groups.
11. This is straightforward manipulation.
12. This is ceiling effect
鈥?br > References
Cozby, P. C. B. (2012). Methods in behavioral research (No. . Cheap Jerseys Cheap Hoddies Wholesale Jerseys From China Cheap Sports Jerseys Free Shipping Cheap Shirts Cheap NCAA Jerseys Cheap Soccer Jerseys China Cheap NHL Hoddies Cheap Nike NFL T-shirts Cheap Baseball Shirts